About the Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize is one of the world’s most prestigious awards, presented annually for exceptional contributions to Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economics.
Established by the will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, the prizes were first awarded in 1901 and are presented every December 10—the anniversary of Nobel’s death.
Each prize can be shared by up to three individuals (or an organisation, in the case of Peace). The Economics Prize was added in 1968 by the Swedish Central Bank (Sveriges Riksbank).
Notably, Rabindranath Tagore became India’s first laureate in 1913 (Literature), and Mother Teresa the first Indian woman laureate in 1979 (Peace).
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025
Laureates: Susumu Kitagawa (Japan), Richard Robson (Australia), Omar M. Yaghi (USA)
Discovery: Development of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
About MOFs:
Metal-organic frameworks are crystalline materials composed of metal ions and organic linkers that form porous structures with massive internal surface areas (over 7,000 m²/g). Their design allows storage, catalysis, and selective adsorption.
Applications:
Carbon capture: Trap CO₂ to combat climate change.
Water extraction: Generate water from air in arid regions.
Gas storage: Store hydrogen or methane efficiently.
Pollution control: Remove toxins or PFAS from air/water.
Catalysis & energy: Used in batteries, fuel cells, and chemical conversions.
Drug delivery: Enable targeted medicine release.
Nobel Prize in Physics 2025
Laureates: John Clarke (UK), Michel Devoret (France), John Martinis (USA)
Discovery: Macroscopic Quantum Tunnelling and Energy Quantisation in Electric Circuits
Their experiments with Josephson junctions—two superconductors separated by an insulator—proved that quantum effects occur at visible, macroscopic scales.
Significance:
Bridges classical and quantum physics.
Foundation for quantum computing and cryptography.
Introduced qubits based on tunnelling of Cooper pairs (paired electrons flowing without resistance).
Nobel Prize in Medicine 2025
Laureates: Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan), Mary E. Brunkow & Fred Ramsdell (USA)
Discovery: Peripheral Immune Tolerance and Regulatory T-Cells (Tregs)
They revealed how regulatory T-cells and the FOXP3 gene prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues.
Impact:
Opened new paths for treating autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and cancer immunotherapy.
Advanced understanding of how the immune system balances defense and self-tolerance.
Nobel Prize in Economics 2025
Laureates: Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, Peter Howitt
Contribution: Explaining Innovation-Driven Economic Growth
Joel Mokyr: Identified how the Scientific Revolution and fusion of theoretical and practical knowledge led to the Industrial Enlightenment—a culture of continuous innovation.
Aghion & Howitt: Developed the Creative Destruction model showing how innovation replaces outdated technologies, driving long-term productivity.
Policy Relevance: Encourages education, competition, and research investment to sustain innovation-led economies.
Nobel Prize in Literature 2025
Laureate: László Krasznahorkai (Hungary)
Recognition: For a profound literary style that explores human endurance through long, introspective narratives such as Satantango and The Melancholy of Resistance.
Nobel Peace Prize 2025
Laureate: María Corina Machado (Venezuela)
Awarded For: Peaceful advocacy for democratic reform, human rights, and electoral transparency in Venezuela as leader of the Vente Venezuela party.
Conclusion
The Nobel Prize 2025 celebrates discoveries shaping science, society, and humanity—from quantum breakthroughs and immune system regulation to sustainable materials and democracy advocacy.
Each laureate’s work embodies Alfred Nobel’s vision of advancing knowledge for the betterment of humankind.