Indtroduction
National Press Day was recently celebrated with the theme “Changing Nature of the Press”, marking the establishment of the Press Council of India (PCI) in 1966. The day highlights the evolving role of the media and its responsibility as a guardian of free expression and ethical journalism.
About
Often described as the fourth pillar of democracy, the press plays a vital role in shaping political, social, and economic processes.
During India’s freedom struggle, the press served as:
A source of information
A tool for political awakening
A medium to criticise colonial rule
A platform to unite people across regions
A catalyst for protests and nationalist movements
A vehicle for leaders to share ideas
A promoter of non-violent resistance
Its influence continues in modern India, where media remains central to governance, public discourse, and democratic accountability.
Evolution of Press in India
Early Beginnings
The Bengal Gazette (1780), founded by James Augustus Hickey, was India’s first printed newspaper.
It frequently criticised colonial authorities, setting a precedent for a politically active press.
Colonial Restrictions
To control the growing influence of Indian journalism, the British passed a series of repressive laws:
Censorship of Press Act, 1799: Introduced preventive censorship during the Anglo-French rivalry.
Licensing Regulations, 1823: Required newspapers to obtain government licences; targeted Indian publications.
Vernacular Press Act, 1878: Allowed suppression of Indian-language newspapers publishing “seditious” material.
These measures reflect the colonial fear of the press as a driving force of nationalism.
Major Publications and Their Contribution
Amrita Bazar Patrika (1868)
Began as a Bengali weekly; became a strong English publication.
Known for its bold criticism of British policies and its role in mobilising anti-colonial opinion.
Kesari & Mahratta (1881) – Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Tilak used Kesari (Marathi) and Mahratta (English) to inspire mass political consciousness.
His famous declaration, “Swaraj is my birthright”, was widely publicised through these papers.
The Hindu (1878)
Started by G. Subramania Iyer, it provided balanced yet firm critique of colonial administration.
It influenced educated middle-class Indians and shaped public opinion.
Young India & Harijan – Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi used these journals to propagate ideas of non-violence, satyagraha, swadeshi, and civil disobedience.
They played a key role in spreading the freedom movement to the masses.
Post-Independence Developments
Press (Objectionable Matters) Act, 1951 attempted to regulate objectionable material but was repealed in 1957.
In 1966, the Press Council of India (PCI) was established to maintain press freedom and ensure ethical journalism.
Evolution of Contemporary Press
Digital Transformation
Rise of online platforms, social media, and mobile news apps has made news faster and more accessible.
Media Convergence
Integration of text, audio, video, and interactive formats has enhanced storytelling capabilities.
Citizen Journalism
Ordinary citizens can now report events instantly through social media.
While empowering, it raises concerns over accuracy and misinformation.
Press Council of India (PCI)
Origin traces back to the First Press Commission (1956), recommending an autonomous press regulatory body.
Established under the Press Council Act, 1965, began functioning on 16 November 1966 (celebrated as National Press Day).
Dissolved during the Emergency (1975); reinstated under the Press Council Act, 1978.
Key Functions
Acts as a quasi-judicial body.
Protects press freedom and promotes journalistic ethics.
Can initiate suo motu action on violation of journalistic standards.
Its decisions are final and cannot be appealed in court.
Awards the prestigious Raja Ram Mohan Roy Award for excellence in journalism.
Role of Media in Nation-Building
1. Political Sphere
Good Governance: Acts as a watchdog by exposing corruption and holding authorities accountable.
Shaping Public Opinion: Through editorials, debates, and reportage.
Political Participation: Covers elections, policies, campaigns, and provides a platform for democratic engagement.
2. Economic Sphere
Economic Awareness: Informs citizens about government policies, reforms, and market trends.
Promoting Entrepreneurship: Highlights innovation and business opportunities.
Consumer Rights: Educates people on fair trade practices and their rights.
3. Social Sphere
Awareness: Highlights issues related to health, education, gender, and environment.
Cultural Integration: Showcases India’s diversity and fosters national unity.
Disaster Management: Provides real-time information during crises and emergencies.
Challenges Facing the Modern Press
Misinformation & Fake News: Rapid digital spread undermines trust and social stability.
Economic Pressures: Shrinking revenues affect editorial independence and quality.
Censorship & Press Freedom Issues: Balancing national security with editorial autonomy is complex.
Media must navigate these challenges while maintaining ethical standards and objectivity.
Way Forward: Press in the Digital Era
Uphold Ethical Journalism: Ensure accuracy, fairness, and impartiality in reporting.
Strengthen Fact-Checking: Invest in verification tools and training to counter misinformation.
Audience Engagement: Use digital tools for interaction, feedback, and greater public participation.
Promote Media Literacy: Teach citizens to critically evaluate news sources and detect biases.
Conclusion
The press has been instrumental in India’s freedom movement and remains a cornerstone of democracy today. By fostering transparency, encouraging informed debate, and promoting social progress, the media continues to play a transformative role. As technology evolves, the press must adapt responsibly to uphold democratic values and remain a trusted pillar of nation-building.
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